Kropotkin

Russian main pleader of nihilist communism, Kropotkin (18421921)believed that Darwins theory of ontogenesis, properly applied, showed that human beings argon cordial creatures who flourish best in small communities cemented together by vernacular aid and voluntary associations. A guiding spirit of the international anarchist movement, Kropotkin was also a distinguished geographer, a scientist and a positivist. He was a geographer who carried out explorations of Siberia, Finland, and Manchuria forrader devoting his life to political activities. Kropotkin was a Russian aristocrat by birth but he renounced his title 1872 and henceforth devoted(p) himself to the cause of social revolution, spending most of his later life in Western Europe and Britain.Memoirs of a Revolutionist is the work in which Kropotkin summarized his ideas. This socialise and candid autobiography of the great anarchist is highly impressive. There are fantastic characters the millionaire gourmet prince who at e away a fortune stir adventures escape from the Peter and Paul prison, Petersburgs Bastille amusing ironies on the run, as when he gets a job in London on disposition under an assumed name and is asked to review his own books. Lenin thought Kropotkin a worthy bore. Kropotkin regarded Lenin as an honorable tyrant. The main issue touched upon by the memoirs is the analysis of correlation betwixt Darwinism and the progressive evolution of human society1.Memoirs of a Revolutionist helps track the life journey make by Kropotkin before his formulated his ideas. Born into an aristocratic Moscow family close to the Russian regal throne, Kropotkin was educated at an exclusive military academy, but at 20, change with the desire to be useful, he renounced a brilliant career to resolve for five years as a military administrator in Eastern Siberia. His hopes for liberal reform by Alexander II, the tsar who had abolished serfdom, were concisely disappointed. He also lost any faith in the virtues of aver discipline in society and began to move slowly towards an anarchist position. He now turned to scientific exploration of the nature, and his observations laid the foundations of his theory of uncouth aid2 among animal species.Anarchism, as advanced by Peter Kropotkin, was equally prepared to recognize the profound influence of Darwinism on late thought. Darwin, Kropotkin argued, made biology an advanced science by giving it an evolutionary pattern of universal magnitude.Darwins theory, in his opinion, provided a key for reconstructing the progressive evolution not only of plants and animals but also of human society as a scientific challenge. Kropotkin did not deny the role of the struggle for reality in the evolutionary process, but he bitterly opposed Darwins designation of that struggle as the primary motor of biological transformation. Kropotkin gave credit rating to The Descent of Man, one of Darwins major works, for demonstrating the biological origins of morality, the foundation of uncouth aid.Kropotkins ideas have clear positivist coat. He saw the development of anarchism as one aspect of the whole movement of modern science towards an integrated philosophy. He believed that the dominant phenomenon in nature was harmony, arrived at by a continuous process of adjustment between contending forces. In human, as in animal societies, the dominant phenomenon was mutual aid therefrom once metaphysics, law and state authority had been shaken off, harmony could be realized.Developing his idea of mutual aid Kropotkin comes to a fair, as he believes, society, that is anarchist communism. It is a society without government, where harmony would be obtained not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements between the various groups, territorial and professional, instituted for the sake of production and economic consumption as also for the satisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilized society.In such a society, as in organic life, Kropotkin believed harmony would result from an ever-changing adjustment and readjustment of equilibrium between a multitude of forces and influences3. The individual would not be limited in the free expression of his powers in production by a capitalist monopoly, or by obedience, which only led to the sapping of initiative. On the contrary, he would be able to obtain the complete development of all his faculties the fullest individuation.Works CitedKropotkin, P. Memoirs of a Revolutionist. Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1962Shatz, Marshall S. Essential Works of Anarchism. New York Quadrangle Books, 19721 P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist. (Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1962), 498.2 P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist. (Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1962), 499. 3 Marshall S. Shatz, Essential Works of Anarchism. (New York Quadrangle Books, 1972), 269.