Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Research Paper

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - Research Paper ExampleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) binding to TrkB is an significant component of phospholipase Cg, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways, all transducing signals into and out of cells. With roles in transmitting signals, changes in BDNF will thus be passing manifested as changes in memory, behavior, and cognition.Bipolar disease (BD) is a pathologic condition of the nervous system caused by two environmental and biological factors. It affects structures in the brain that affect mood, cognition, and behavior such as the limbic system, striatum, pallidum, thalamus, and cortex. Particularly, highly implicated in the development of the disease is the impairment of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity, as intermediate by BDNF, high quantities of which are found in the cortex, limbic structures, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Briefly, these parts are important in attention, memory, smell perception, and emotions, respectively.Because BDNF is found at high concentrations on brain areas highly affected during BD, umteen studies have looked into its particular characteristics with and without the disease. Because of the multiple pieces of evidence implicating BDNF to BD, several studies have looked into BDNF at a genetic take to better understand the disease. Many studies have found that a change from val66val to val66met is highly critical in the development of BD. In particular, val66met was found to cause lower cognitive task scores, partly because it results to lower volumes of the limbic system (hippocampus and parahippocampus), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobe as compared to that of the val66val variety.

Central Nervous System Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Central Nervous agreement - Lab Report ExampleAlso, the results are abnormal.The two types of photoreceptors include chamfers and rods. A rod cell is apply in sensing a single photon light because it requires less light to work, unlike cones (Hoehn & Marieb 2010, 560). A cone cell, on the different hand, is responsible for sensing color vision because it functions best in fairly glaring light. Cone cells are heavily packed in the fovea, indicating almost an average of 4.5 million cells in the valet retina. On average, on the other hand, rod cells are roughly 125 million in the piece retina (Hoehn & Marieb 2010, 561).Every person has a blind spot, but they do not know where theirs is or do not even see it as such (Hoehn & Marieb 2010, 570). For instance, when people try to view the back of their heads with besides one mirror, they can never quite observe it even when a person describes the back of the other persons head. Also, on a more scientific than psychological note, the optic nerve has to drop the eye somewhere so as to innervate the retina (Hoehn & Marieb 2010, 562). At this point, there are no cones or rods making it a blind

Political Philosophy Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Philosophy Questions - act ExampleHe argues that for a general will to be real, it must come from everyone for everybody hence having a formal and substantive aspect. Form completelyy, in the sense that application of the law should be general such that it applies on every person.The general will institute human rights because it is a force of the just and good as it is independent and sovereign. Through this, the community is under the control of everybody and their rights therefore no one can conduct any action without the permission from all. there is removal of individual achievements through this kind of dependency because all the power is in the sovereign of the community.When there is a major decision to involve, they participate in vote instead of the benefit of a debate. Political communities can be of great use in psychotherapeutic people from their mistaken perception, conflicts, and corruption. General will is supreme and everyone despite his or her positi on in the lodge has to obey it fairly. The rulers in political history who have employed general will in thought in their administration have clearly shown a vibrant benevolence and love for humanity (Stanford cyclopedia of Philosophy).Participatory republic is the process of stressing the participation of constituents in the operation of a political system. It tries to make every member of a population make valid contribution in decision-making process. Representative democracy is the process of electing representatives through elections so that they can represent a group of people in the decision-making processes.There are two possible ways of combining both democracies through coexistence at diverse levels and complementariness. That is an fundamental interaction between participatory and representative democracies. For instance, when there is a decision to make from a political society, in order to increases participation at the local level politicians can return the power th at was

The Klondike Gold Rush Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Klondike Gold Rush - Research Paper ExampleThe Klondike gold rush ended in 1899 after the discovery of an early(a) gold mine in Nome. The trade had a very unique impact to the economic and social conditions of people who resided in Seattle and Washington States. 2 The cultural beliefs were totally altered by the trade due to the introduction of foreign beliefs and ideologies. The economic input of the trade in these devil states was equally significant. The essay below focuses on the outputs and benefits of gold trade to the Seattle and Washington state. Economic and Social electric shock The Klondike gold mine changed the ways of living as well as the economic conditions of the people who resided in Seattle and by large the Washington state. The trade direct to the outgrowth and evolution of timber market in the Seattle state. The ship sedulousness in the Seattle state expanded due to the increase in the number of traders who employ ships to commute to Alaska.3The trad e also led to the immigration of people to Seattle from North of Columbia between the 1850s and 1860s. In 1850s, the gold rush to the Fraser River brought many California people to the North West, which led to the establishment of the mining industry that supplied gold to merchant in Victoria, Seattle, and Vancouver. It is the Klondike gold trade that led to the development of railway network in the Seattle state. As a result, the development of the railway network in Seattle was the facilitating factor which led to the development and growth of fish, timber, and wheat industries in the northern part of the country. Additionally, the large number of immigrants to the area led to the immense development of the state. 4 As a result of discovery of gold rush trade in Klondike, the bedroom of commerce of Seattle state met to discuss how to benefit from the trade. They planned to promote the state to an outfit center for the Northern goldfield. They formed a panel to advertise the stat e to the gold traders as well as other interested traders. The bureau was also mandated with the responsibility of encouraging local traders to join the trade for the benefit of the state. on that point was a huge campaign to inform the gold traders that Seattle was the only gate way to Alaska. The campaign has a very positive outcome because the Seattle state managed to attract more than three quarters of the gold seekers into their stores. in spite of appearance the first three months of the trade, more than 15000 miners were using the Seattle resources in their trade. 5 The other business persons who operated in Seattle sell meat, clothes, and dried fruits to gold seekers. The city buildings and infrastructures also benefited from the gold trade. The houses, hotels, and other residential houses were overbooked by gold traders. This led to the construction of more houses to accommodate the traders. More job opportunities were created by increasing numbers of hotels, restaurants, and other related businesses. There was increase in the amount of money which was circulating in the Seattle state. In 1987, the state was employment with approximately $36 million. This increased to $ 68 million in 1898 and in 1899, the amount of money which were operating(a) in Seattle rose to over$100 million. 6 In 1898, the Seattle chamber of commerce decided to increase the trade benefit by establishing an assay office. The idea was to help the state benefit from

Distance Learning versus Classroom Instruction Article

Distance Learning versus Classroom Instruction - Article ExampleThe general impression from the con was initially apprehension given that the authors clearly indicated at first that from the eleven students who were exposed to distance education, exclusively six students completed the course, cardinal never started, and two students failed to complete the required assignments. Reported reasons for not terminate the course included discomfort with the logistics of distance education and lack of available time (Schardt, 2002, p. 456). The percentage, at the intrusion was already almost 50% participation revealing factors for discontinued pursuance as ranging from uneasiness collect to perception and applied logistics of distance learning and of course, the element of time. On the other hand, all sixteen participants for the traditionalistic classroom instruction completed the course. The findings were surprising given that initial reaction and response of participants to distan ce learning were controversial. A review of the findings indicate that the differences in knowledge retention can be credited to three important attributes of distance education more time for learning and reflection is available, individual attention stimulates learning, and motivation enhances the learning process (Schardt, Garrison, & Kochi, 2002, p. 456). After analyzing the outcome, one realized that the advantages accorded by distance learning are focused on the ability to synthesize and integrate all the information that has been provided at the most convenient time.

Reproductive Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

procreative Rights - Essay ExampleII. Identification and Evaluation of Ethical Principles of Reproductive Rights Reproductive rights are controversial for several(prenominal) reasons. According to Bellieni and Buonocore (2006), some ethical principles which can be evaluated include the potential abuse of womens bodies in a male-dominated medical profession the debate over the validity of the embryo being seen as a mortal, with bet to state and federal law and the fact that studies have shown that in vitro fertilization has shown higher risks of birth defects such as cerebral palsy in children formed as a result of the procedure (pp. 93). abortion is legal in the U.S., according to federal law. III. The Application of Principles to Ethical Issues with Various Implications One of the main arguments that naysayers ordinarily make with regard to embryonic procedures is that embryos are actually people, and that scientists are playing God by creating children in a scientific fashions ometimes discarding embryos that are damaged, which to some people is unethical because a persons life is being discontinued.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Personal Statement practiceMy excellent interpersonal skills help me to communicate business information to my target audience by preparing poker chip and well thought out presentations. I consider myself a social person for I similar spending time with my families and friends. Being the part of the local community, I also like providing my assistance at local events and for other social causes.I am currently studying at Mt San Antonio College and this is my 3rd year of school. Most of my causas in the school argon business related and hence my interest in this particular field of study has grown with time. Within all this bandage I sacrifice learnt that my courses are much more than business management. They are providing an experience to the customer that is not less than extraordinary while motivating the employees to deliver their best by fulfilling their responsibilities. The basic responsibilities of the employees should be the maintenance of loyal customer base, prov iding exceptional customer service, guiding the customers on the product information and applications, handling new merchandise and working as a team to achieve mutual organizational objectives. All these factors contribute towards the success of an organization and therefore I have tried my level best to learn these skills through practical and theoretical knowledge.My puzzle is an entrepreneur and is running his own business for almost 15 years. As a child I accompanied my father to various business meeting and negotiations. I heard my father and his employees discussing about the current economic conditions of the country and status of the stock market. Although as a kid I did not have much knowledge about all this but as I grew up, I started finding this subject interesting. I eagerly started waiting for my father to ask me to accompany me at the business meetings or negotiations. It was in the first year of my high school that I started watching businesses news for studying th e position of some(prenominal)

Ethical Concerns with Research As Member of the Institutional Review Essay

Ethical Concerns with Research As Member of the Institutional Review Board - Human Subjects commission - Essay ExampleThis is essential as it enables them to make an informed consent about their participation. The element of coaction which leads to accountability comes into play since a stakeholders meeting has to be organized for a briefing. In this grounds, since it was aerial dot of toxic substances over the city, schools and neighborhoods, it message that the locals were not informed whatsoever about the intention of the study, its importance/benefits and risks involved. This similarly means that the element of honesty was not applied which translates to subjective analysis. Ethics in research move on advocates for non-biasness, integrity and openness. In this case, this is not so since secret spraying of the community is evident. Openness and integrity means that justice for the participants is a priority. Another very key aspect in ethics is confidentiality assurance. Pa rticipants need to be assured of the confidentiality of the findings and that only findings across a group of participants should be made public. Here is a case where even the participants have not been involved and are not assured of the confidential handling of the findings. Confidentiality in research study guarantees the participants of the researchers social responsibilities.

How Do Cultures Perceive Colours In Interior Design Essay

How Do Cultures Perceive Colours In upcountry Design - Essay ExampleHowever, the need to use chromaing materials that do not conflict with the ethnic practice of client will remain a priority and it must be preserved til now amidst the ever changing trends in design.In chapter one, we will discuss the meaning of colors depending on dissimilar cultures and circumstances. Every color has different aspects to it and you can only learn the meaning of that color by thought certain simple concepts about it.In chapter two, we will proceed further to explore how different cultures sour the appearance of interior designs. We will examine various cultures with regard to colour theory. The chapter we will prove that colour choices is the backbone of interior designing and so for designers to incorporate the colour factor and satisfy diverse cultures, they should take up the ability to identify and recognise how differently cultures perceive colour. Throughout my research, I found that the definition of colour refers to all visual sensations. Colours can express feelings, judgements and emotions therefore, people can communicate easily when victimisation them. Designers are supposed to pay good attention to these little details, because whatever design they make should be well portrayed in the countries they are targeting. The wrong choice of colour selection and combination could transmute the best designs into a nightmare if it is not perceived in the correct way. (Bratu, 2014) Different cultures perceive work differently mostly because of the relationship and meaning that these colours have within that culture. These relationships have been transmitted by the generations, if not even upon hundreds of years. (Karenhaller, 2014).Chapter three, on the contrary, will examine how various restaurants around the globe have embraced the idea of colour choice and meaning in their interior design. It also address the history and

Week 2 discussion responses part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 discussion responses part 1 - Essay ExampleAgreed. cadreular discovery could be make possible only after the discovery of the microscope, an consequential land mark in the field of biology. Cells are the basic unit of life as stated by the Cell theory and the heredity material, the DNA enables one to pass the characters to the next generation. completely these findings could be do possible because of the discovery of microscope to observe cellular details.Agreed. All living organisms are made up of cells and division of old cells forms the new cells. Cells are the most imperative part of living system of rules not only for the formation of other cells but also for the formation of various cellular products such(prenominal) as hormones, enzymes and other metabolites which play vital role in the life of organisms.Yes. Discovery of microscope was the most important finding in the history of biological science as every living being is made up of cells, this could be revealed only after observing under the microscope. Similar cells aggregate to form tissues, they suffice common task and secrete certain molecules, hormones and enzymes which possess important role in the metabolous and physiology of the organism.Cell is the fundamental unit of all living beings on the planet. They are microscopic in size, but are capable of performing all the basic functions of life. Single cellular organisms could perform all the functions for their survival, but with phylogenesis of multicellular organisms, cellular functions got distributed and there is a division of work, enhancing the complexity of the living systems. In multicellular organisms, cellular co-ordination persists. This enabled the survival of the multicellular organisms to adapt themselves to the environmental alterations and modifications. An elaborated study of the cell and its detailed physiological and metabolic functions enabled one to understand the minor details of the

Environmental Impact Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental tinct Analysis Paper - Essay ExampleThis is essentially the reason why the leadership style of the anxiety determines to a great extent the success or failure of the leaders attempt at effecting signifi firet organizational assortments. AT&D is an organization that is dire need of effective changes if it is to survive the cut-throat contention that is characterizing the industry it is operating in. It requires a serious rethink from its leadership and especially muser who at its manoeuver has the leeway to make important decisions that can consequently enable AT&D remain aimless in the ever changing motor industry. The only consolation that Muller has is the fact that there are a number of options that he can institute if AT&D is to weather the imminent failure that is staring it in the face. In this regard, there are a number of leadership models at his electric pig that he can employ in order to steer the organization back to profitability. Already he has come to the conclusion that relocating to an area closer to foreign automakers like Toyota and Honda, which are increasingly displacing the big ternion US automakers in food market share, and which AT&D is supposed to be supplying spare move is the way to go. Some of this leadership that he can employ in his bid at enable the organization relocate to new location without suffering more damage or disenfranchising section of the subordinates include the 8-Stage model of planned organizational change, appreciative inquiry, individualized theory of leadership, and path-goal theory. The 8-Stage model of planned organizational change and American Tool & Die This theory is anchored in the understanding that an organizational change process can be implemented through following an eight step procedure if it is to be successful and effective. This schema fits perfectly in AT&D scenario because of a number of factors. In this regard, John Kotter proposes eight stages that is to say establis hment of a sense of urgency creation of a guiding coalition development of smooth-tongued vision and strategy communication of the change vision widely in the organization empowerment of the constituents for a broad-based action on the vision generation of a short-term win consolidation of the gains and production of more change and anchoring of the new approaches in the organizational culture (Beer, & Nohria, 2000, pp. 304). In order to succeed in apiece of these stages, Keller Muller will be required to demonstrate a very high degree of leadership. First, he would be need to create a sense of urgency through convincing and demonstrating to his workforce that AT & D requires moving closer to foreign automakers if it is to survive the reduction in business that is being occasioned by the fact that the big three automakers that it has been depending on for business over the years are increasingly losing market share to these foreign automakers. This creation of urgency might take t he form of demonstrating to them with figures and other fact how flagitious the situation is for AT&D such that it has to move with speed to evade a possible nonstarter or a similar eventuality within a very short time, which in Muller

Empirical paper on international finance or open economy Essay

experimental paper on international finance or open economy macroeconomics - Essay ExampleA deep and well-supervised financial sector is essential for efficiently intermediating foreign finance into productive investments. It has also been shown to geld the adverse effects of capital flow volatility. Countries with better triggers attract relatively more foreign comport investments and portfolio equity flows, which are more stable than debt flows, and as a result, the likelihood of promoting indirect benefits.For distributively of the verge category, an appropriate and conceptually sound measure was chosen. Financial reconditeness the proxy used for financial depth is the ratio of private credit to GDP. Also include in the measure of financial depth and breeding are stock market capitalization sum and credit to the national GDP, the ratio of GDP and institution measures such as creditors rightsii. Institution fictional character the proxy used to get aggregate institutional timber get derived from a simple av whilege of the six World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI). The six aspects of institutional quality covered by WBGI are violence and profit st great power accountability and voice quality of the regulatory government effectiveness the rule of law and control of corruption.iii. Regulation the proxy used is an forefinger of the rigidity of labor regulations from the International Finance Corporations Doing Business Database. The database captures an economys ability to adapt to changing business conditions that include financial flows. Since data is only available from 2003, average for each country is used as a fixed regulation variable.iv. Trade openness the totals of imports and exports of goods and services, expressed as a ratio to GDP is used as the proxy. The measure of policy openness to trade sess be defined as the proportion or level of years for which the trade regime/ era is an open one also got included.v. Macro policies the

Public Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Relations - Research Paper ExampleThe company was faced with the major crisis when one of its most popular products, extra-strength Tylenol capsules were phthisisd as murder weapon to kill three people in Chicago on 30 September, 1982. Another three people also dies by consuming the capsules which had traces of cyanide. The PR efforts were successful in reaffirming companys commitment towards the welfare of the people.The case mull of Johnson & Johnson involved two types of public internal public comprising of the companys management and workforce and outside stakeholders like shareholders, public who uses the products, distributors, media and all those who directly or indirectly are impacted by the use and misuse of the products. The timely communication to the public by the Chairman of the company assured them of their fair aspiration to investigate the issue and to withdraw the lot that was utilise in the crime. It strengthened companys believability amongst its stak eholders.No, at that time, the company followed the best recourse to rebuild its ikon. The public messages and appearance of the CEO in the media greatly helped the company to project its stand on the issue. Indeed, Burkes appearance on the investigative news program 60 Minutes was the best strategic exercise in PR that not sole(prenominal) convinced the public but also changed the opinion of the media about the companys future. The projection of its image to the public influenced the factors that have direct implications on issues and define its stand to the issues and the way it is handled by them.The company used miscellaneous tools of public relation. PR briefing was used to disseminate important information regarding companys position vis--vis the product, extra-strength Tylenol capsules. Accepting that cyanide was used in its premises was a huge footmark forward in establishing its credibility and transparency of the companys functioning in the eyes of its various

Software to Support Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software to Support Assessment - Essay ExampleDonnelly, McGarr, & OReilly noteworthy that in the quest to arrest the decline in the follow of students taking science subjects in high education the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment highlighted the need to focus on investigative approaches, problem-solving, the judgement of interoperable work and the effective function of ICT. In light of this rapid injection of engineering science in the tenet and learning arena teachers need to be able to assess not only the software that is on the market for their use but the ability of the engineering science to effectively assess student learning. Consequently, there is a need to analyze the capacity of technology to facilitate assessment of students learning. Tomlinson emphasizes that there may be assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning. Ultimately, Tomlinson suggests that assessment is well-nigh useful when it is seen as learning because it is then that it most informs the teaching and learning process. She sees assessment as the beginning of better instruction. Assessment then is a vital part of the entire teaching learning process. This paper analyses how technology can facilitate twain formative and summational assessment of student learning. ... Tomlinson observed that by the time she had given a final grade in a summative assessment the class would have been moving on to a new topic. She noted that this information could not be effectively utilized because the time for its persuasiveness would have been gone. Thus, Tomlinson became a devotee of formative assessment which would allow her to correct students faults in real time. Finally, Tomlinson views summative assessment as assessment of learning, and formative assessments as assessment for learning. It is difficult for the teacher to use technology for formative assessment since this process occurs almost spontaneously. Nonetheless, the use of the SMART board as highlighted by Debunker allows the teacher and the student to interact in real time. It is easier for summative assessment to be provided through technological instrument since these are standardized materials which may be given to all students at the end of the year. Using technology to assess student learning is an emerging concepts as such there are a number of teething problems associated with its implementation. Hence, the use of technology to assess student learning brings with it several pros and cons. Technology allows teachers to analyze the scores of students at a faster rate. The use of assessment software allows for greater standardization across the districts. What is more, the students please interacting with the technology. Thus, they will be more comfortable with the use of the technology than with traditional procedures. Two major concerns of the use of technology are the quality and the cost of the materials. Williams, Boone, & Kingsley assert that teac hers expect producers of educational material to be

Environmental engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental engineering - Essay ExampleNote that oxidation occurs in the straw man of organic matter, so nitrate acts an electron acceptor in the absence of unleash oxygen. The chemical reaction in this physical body can be represented asThe precipitation of ammonia in the form of MgNH4PHO4 (MAP) through the addition of phosphoric acid and magnesium oxide is called MAP process. In this process the pH value is fine in the precipitation of MAP. It has 90% efficiencies (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process.When the pH of wastewater is maintained to 10 is easy to deepen NH4+ to free ammonia. Then, an air stream is used to capture NH3 and it is absorbed in a solution with sulphuric acid to form (NH4)2SO4. It has 97% efficiency, (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process called air stripping process.Finally, biological phosphorus remotion technique offer advantages over chemical processes, reduced energy consummation and reduce goo occupation (Park, 1999) . This method is justified because phosphorus exists in several forms in wastewater orthophosphate, polyphosphate and organic phosphates. Note that phosphorus comes from human excrement and detergents presents in domestic wastewater.1. There are some microorganisms that without oxygen and nitrates (anaerobic atmosphere), assimilate and stock fermentation products produced by other facultative bacteria. The microorganisms derive energy for this assimilation from polyphosphates organisms, which are hydrolyzed to liberate energy. The free phosphorus that results from the hydrolysis reaction is released to the mixed liquor (Sankaramanchi, 2010).2. In the following anoxic or aerobic phase these same microorganisms, consume both phosphorus and oxygen to metabolize the previously stored substrate for energy employment and cell synthesis. The organisms take up the phosphorus in excess. The phosphorus is removed from the system during the normal sludge wasting procedure (Sankaramanchi,

Exploring the Generational Differences using an Objective Positivistic Approach Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Generational Differences using an Objective Positivistic Approach studyAbstract in that location is a significant number of the population in the UK at the present clock time who ar women of the Moslem faith who chose to wear headscarves or hijabs. There is however a relatively short(p) understanding of how the general non-Muslim public views this practice, level though there be possessed of been suggestions that people find it discomforting and cover it oppressive to women. This study used a quantitative, positivistic approach to collect and analyse data to project whether there were generational passings in the attitude towards women wearing hijabs. The study collected data from 86 participants in the Roehampton bea, who completed a questionnaire on attitudes and an F- outmatch test which gave information on their temper type. The study showed through analysis of variance that there was no association between age and attitude towards hijabs, although there was an association between having been to university and having a more positivistic attitude. The study also showed through regression analysis that personality was strongly united to attitudes towards women wearing hijabs.Opinions on People using HeadscarvesExploring the Generational Differences using an Objective Positivistic Approach There is not a study available that represents supercilious personalities and the negative or discriminatory viewpoints against the wearing of the hijab. However, Vyas (2008) shows that Muslim women in the USA stopped wearing headscarves for fear of violent discrimination and for their personal safety, as they struggled to know between their traditional Muslim farming and the American culture, especially in gender roles at American schools.Similarly, African Muslim women struggle with education and gender roles, especially in finding personal license and leadership as Muslim women who wear the headscarves (Shirin 2008). In Africa, feminis t teachings state that Islam and female leadership roles atomic number 18 not compatible, and that the wearing of the hijab restricts women into lowered roles (Shirin 2008).However, African Muslim women refuse to stop wearing the hijab even though it brings about cultural discomfort for non-Islam feminists, which shows that the hijab wearers are able to have female leadership roles and individual identities even when authoritarian figures such(prenominal) as teachers request that they not wear the hijab (Shirin 2008). In the education context, young girls in France and Canada are asked not to wear the hijab, as it impacts the education of people around them, where non-Muslim educational facilities are a good deal prompted by non-Muslim governments or academician councils to refuse to allow the wearing of the hijab (Ruitenberg 2008).This authoritarian approach limits social norms and hinders the abilities of Muslim girls and women as students in an educational facility to have the same human rights in self structure (Ruitenberg 2008). Therefore, there may be a large sum total of discrimination against the hijab in educational and academic facilities however this cannot be substantiated by literature as it has not been addressed in its entirety. Adorno et al.(1950) researched and constructed a scalea list of authoritarian attitudes soliciting expressions of agreement or disagreement with 29 broadly phrased assertions (Johansson 1986)that these four Judaic scholars administered to a wide variety of population samples in hopes to explain the rise of German Nazism. They found that those who scored senior high school on this scale, who were sh proclaim to endorse most items on the list, tended to be sympathetic to the political Right and in position showed pre-fascist personalities (Adorno et al. 1950).Love of authority was fascist, not love of liberty and, Adorno et al. (1950) showed that authoritarian personalities were in important senses pathological. Ad orno et al. (1950) also inform for the authoritarian personality to accept middle-class conventionality because it enjoys widespread acceptance and support, but has not internalised the meaning of the accompanying social norms is hostile and aggressive toward outsider groups, especially ethnic minorities and relatively powerless, peripheralised deviant groups and glorifies its own authority figures (Johansson 1986).This is a clash of authoritarian representatives as governments and those individuals within cultures, where the Islamic headscarf issue in nations such as Turkey and France is more than an expression of religion, but a clash of cultural contexts and meanings, where the rife culture either restricts (France) or forces (Turkey) the wearing of the hijab (Ulusoy 2007). Feminist theory argues that women should not be defined by the marginal cultural positions they are given in societies, but by understandings about their contradictions between who women are and how the do minant culture defines them (Droogsma 2007).The majority of Americans, for example, believe that the hijab is a symbol of oppression, but Muslim women identify they hijab as a necessary component of their womanhood (Droogsma 2007). Muslim women living in America identify the hijab as beingness unique to their culture, and helping them fill their feminine roles, not as sexual objects, but as women with freedoms and expressions that are not controlled by the dominant American culture (Droogsma 2007).In each culture that Muslim women are a part of, but not the dominant culture, there is a psychological tendency towards waiver Muslim women from the hijab. However, Muslim women associate their hijab with freedom of expression and religion. In authoritarian Islamic nations, such as Turkey, the hijab is a norm and penalties may exist if it is not worn. In countries not traditionally authoritarian, like France and Canada, the hijab is not the socio-cultural norm and penalties may exist if it is worn.So, there may be a very high amount of prejudice and stereotyping against women and the hijab, especially as it pertains to freeing women from the oppression that non-Muslim cultures feel that Muslim women are forced to awake(p) beneath. As the wearing of the hijab might be associated with oppression and meeknessin contrast to the authoritarian personalityand is relatively new and unfamiliar in the British culture, there might be a workable correlation of an authoritarians psychological thought towards wearing of the hijab as we might expect authoritarian individuals to have negative attitudes towards wearing it.Also, as younger people are more familiar with the hijab because they have been brought up in a society where the hijab is more common, they may have a more positive attitude toward it. Nowadays, people have more opportunities to obtain education the question is, if there is a difference in opinions among age groups and educated people towards the wearing of t he hijab?Review of literature have not barely ventured into these aspects, therefore, this research aims to investigate on three major ideas of peoples opinions, negative or positive, and generational differences of people using headscarves or hijab, specifically dealing with (a) authoritarian personality, (b) age, and (c) education. This study will be a quantitative assessment of the relationship between authoritarian and generational differences on women using headscarves or hijab.The context of the study is only limited to participants around the Roehampton University area instructing them to answer the studys questionnaire. The research speculation is that there is a significant correlation of an observers personality, age, education and their opinions towards people wearing the headscarf or hijab and, upon the emergence of authoritarian participants, that there is a significant correlation of an authoritarians psychological thinking towards wearing of the headscarf or hijab.

Students Persistent Failure in English Language Examinations in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Students Persistent Failure in slope Language Examinations in Nigeria EssayAbstract pedagogy is now a global reaping with institutions oecumenic competing for students and finding ever much creative ship course to reciprocate student needs and preferences. The optimism and belief in genteelnessal progress has gingered the modern wake of marketplaceing admissi unrivalleds that boarder on how to properly deal with the compound issues of qualitative educational returns of execute, value as well as node satisfaction. With the continuing rise in the preference for flexible distance schooling, educational institutions are finding that when students and faculty strike signifi stomachtly divergent cultural backgrounds and schooling styles that the expectations of the teaching experience arsehole be unfulfilled. Today in Nigeria, education is the remedy of g everywherenment, religious organizations as well as private individuals, although in recent years, the pr ivate sector has entered the market providing educational work at every levels. There are over 90 universities in Nigeria with to a greater extent than 2.000.000 students enrolled in these universities.Of these students, less than 100,000 are registered in the National at large(p) University of Nigeria which is the largest of the universities that set up distance education in the country. With such large student numbers, competition amongst the public and private universities for students has intensified particularly over the last decade. As a consequence, the need to develop strategies for riping students has blend in to a greater extent meaning(a).The contri bution of technologies to education military operationes has been wide with students and faculty each acquire to adapt to an environment of continuous change and opportunities. This paper therefore, assembleks to explore the market onsetes that could galvanise the growth of the Open and Distance schooling inst itutions, and is subsequently predicated on the view that a warlike advantage in selling of the Open and Distance find outing programmes can be attained by customizing learning experiences for students in a pro-active and constructive way.INTRODUCTIONThe fast competition that is ta mogul place in the current global market has affected the educational sector. In Nigeria for instance, it has been discovered that when education is taken for disposed(p) non only the state institutions providing conventional education are prevailed. Starting from the early 1990s high education has been provided by either public or private universities either convention on the wholey or hugely. The change magnitude in the products and run that are provided by antithetical parties has affected the educational institutions and the power of market communications is utilized in effectuate to pull more customers both by private and state institutions. The wiliness of education is a controversial issue. Although the opinions on the signification of the educational institution as a product and the students as the customers still remains arguable the transformation of the instruction exploit as a student-based illustration requires the utilization of the selling opportunities are pulmonary tuberculosisd.Teaching has been increasely developed as a learner-centered model, shaping the process as a life-long learners experience to match their existing knowledge and skills is decisive. At the sluttish and distance education institution level, being market oriented means adapting a client-centered perspective and managing the institution in a way that matches the needs of primary and secondary clients. This student-based model is non much different than the client-based utilization of marketing dodging. In the marketing approach, the needs and desires of the customers are given a primary and major importance so they are treated as kings. When this strategy is pursueed in t he open and distance education, the course programmes and veridicals are observed to be shaped in accordance with the needs and desires of the students.The mul timedia used is also observed to be very common with those that are presented within the most appropriate channels to the students. The customer king whence transforms into the student king. Marketing is round achieving organizational goals, and these are determined by the set of the organization (its culture) and shape its decision-making. Good marketing techniques leave alone definitely help the Open and Distance learning institutions achieve set goals that give help them identify with those clients for whom they offer an appropriate range of learning opportunities.The object lens of this study therefore, is to discuss the notions like advertisement, public relations, personal sales and fairs that make effecting marketing communication strategies realistic in a nationwide manner and compare the Open and Distance lea rning educational institutions in Nigeria and another(prenominal) nations of the world to concentrate on the marketing of effective educational programmes, tone of voice educational service and the appropriate pricing of the educational programmes because these are some of the major approaches that can satisfy the wishes of the consumers of their educational services.WHAT IS bold DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL)?Open and Distance Learning is the combination of on-line(a) learning (e-learning) and other distance education pitching methods. It is the introduction, utilisation and application of ICT to enhance open and distance education thus implementing open and distance learning policies in order to make learning activities more flexible and enable these learning activities to be distributed among some(prenominal) learning venues. It is an amalgam of two approaches to different forms of education that localise on expanding portal to learning. It is a sort of blended and distributed learning, which in in bodilyd elements of tutor mediated and self-directed and resource-based learning process.The pedagogical shifts from personal traditional way of inform or even the traditional distance education (c eached cor doence education) to on-line education is what Open and Distance Learning is all(prenominal) about. It represents significant changes in the assumptions on which teachers, learners and support supply go about their business and to the technological al-Qaida and skill base that support the moves.According to Reju S. A. (2007), this grapheme of education is characterised by two factors its PHILOSOPHY and its use of TECHNOLOGY. The Open and Distance Learning Philosophy aims at removing barriers to education allowing students to study what they want, when they want and where they want. In summing up the Open and Distance Learning Philosophy, it aims at increasing educational ACCESS and increasing educational CHOICE of students.As for the TECHNOLOGY, in order to achieve a complete migration from the post-box and hard text furnishy of conventional distance education to on-line education, operators must satisfy at least three preconditions First, the technical infrastructure needs to be transparent to users. Second, its operational exemplar must address teaching and learning decisions when it describes its functions. Third, systematic and local professional development in online teaching and learning using a just-in-time and just-for-me approach must be available to academics (Nunan, Reid, Mc Causland 2002 10)BASIC run SYSTEM OF ODL INSTITUTIONSCHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES OF ODLThe nature and characteristics of Open and Distance Learning gave it wider opportunities as advantages over the classical and conventional system of gentility Accessibility overcoming barriers think to Prior academic credentials Time corporal location monetary constraints Personal characteristics Social responsibility Flexibility and easy access t o instruction in order to learn broad availability of educational opportunities to all characterized by Frequent admission periods Self-pacing Optional support services (tutoring, counselling, advising) Learner control over essence and structure Choice of delivery systems Instruction delivered through a medley of media including print and other reading communication technologies to learners, Learners suck up control over the course delivery system(s) that suits their purpose Accreditation characterised by Recognition of courses accredited by other institutions for transfer of credit. Opportunities for learners to challenge courses for credit. Provision for experiential learning. Instruction by a mode other than the conventional face-to-face method Physical separation between the teacher and the learner Openness disregard age, previous level of academic achievement, and other factors, creating artificial barriers to education as a life-long pursuit in a democratic environme nt efficient system of instruction independent of time, location, pace and space Used for a variety of learning bureaus primary, secondary, tertiary, vocational and non-formal education It allows for wider Range Extension Thrives on economy of scale It is weapon of mass instruction ODL is more suited to Adult Learners It democratises and liberalises education It is more of learner centred and learner friendly programme which take ons all in its endning and execution Focused on QA, well designed instructional packages, student support It gives learners soft Education and Course Range.VISIBLE PROBLEMS THAT COULD RESULT TO FALL OF SALES AND PATRONAGE IN ODL SYSTEMA good marketing strategy has two parts. The beginning includes an overview of your industry and how your company fits within it. It identifies who your marketing should be targeted at and what challenges you whitethorn face when trying to read your target audience. This part also helps you hone in on your specific mar keting goals (i.e. increase client base by %). The second part is all about what you will do to flip to overcome the challenges identified in part one and how you will reach your goals (i.e. develop brochure/ website, etc.) The following issues can create a fall of patronage in the Open and Distance learning system. shortsighted quality educational service, poor value and customer dissatisfaction. Poor and inadequate designing of educational programmes. Unnecessary overpricing of educational programmes De-emphasising quality, especially service quality Regular students foiling in learning how to get on-line (especially for novices). Time retrograde between student input and feedback -Time lapse between need for learner support and resolution Occasional net income provider downtime (server usually untracked to students) Student become less active and less self-directed in the learning environment which depends more frequently than not on individual motivation and initiat ive. Occasional feelings of closing off- Potentially less separate support for learners leading to isolation and possible non-completion of programme Instructional design for group activities and group interaction more demanding on the instructor Demands large effort and cost to develop appropriate materials Demands large effort to create and maintain the technological infrastructureWhen these problems persist, the message becomes very clear Distance Education is not for everyone. Unfortunately, the problems becloud the fact that Open and Distance learning is not for undisciplined learners nor inflexible instructors.QUALITY ASSURANCE AND GOOD MARKETING scheme AS PANACEA TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF FALL OF SALES AND PATRONAGE IN ODL SYSTEMWhat is Quality sureness?According to Wiley (2009), Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to a programme for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the versatile aspects of a project, service, or speediness to ensure that standards o f quality are being met. It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the program sponsor. QA cannot absolutely guarantee the production of quality products, unfortunately, but makes this more likely. cardinal key principles characterise QA fit for purpose (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose) and right first time (mistakes should be eliminated).QA includes regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components services related to production and management, production and supervision processes. It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers, not by society in general it is not the same as expensive or high quality. nevertheless goods with low footings can be considered quality items if they meet a market need. QA is more than just interrogation the quality of aspects of a product, service or facility, it analyzes the quality to make sure it conforms to specific requirements and comply with ceremonious plans.Accuracy of Quality AssuranceThere is an extensive process of trial and error in order to ensure quality assurance. By the end of the trials you arrive at an acceptable process that helps you decide the dependableness and efficiency of the sample. The process involves meeting specifications such as performance measures and depends on environment operation. The cost of resulting in failure is very high which result in the process of Quality Assurance to be extensive and it is acceptable to delay production until all tests are done and double-checked. Steps for Quality Assurance do work Test previous article Plan to purify Design to include improvements and requirements Manufacture with improvements Review unused item and improvements Test new itemThe process for Quality Assurance is very rigorous and requires a lot of testing and planning. The team or firm has to comply with previous requirements, implement new requirements and impr ove the old item. early(a) than following requirements, the team or firm has to comply with consumers needs.WHAT IS MARKETING?Marketing is delimit by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that defecate value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large Simply stated, marketing is everything you do to place your product or service in the mould over of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines like sales, public relations, pricing, packaging, and distribution. In order to distinguish marketing from other related professional services, S.H. Simmons, author and humorist, relates this anecdote. If a raw man tells his date shes intelligent, looks be intimately, and is a great conversationalist, hes saying the right things to the right person and thats marketing. If the young man tells his date how handsome, smart and favored he is thats advertisi ng. If someone else tells the young woman how handsome, smart and achieverful her date is thats public relations.You might think of marketing this way. If business is all about plenty and money and the art of persuading one to part from the other, thence marketing is all about finding the right hatful to persuade. Marketing is your strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in order to achieve your objectives (a fair scratch for supplying a good product or service). Yet the most brilliant strategy rule help you earn a profit or achieve your wildest dreams if it isnt built around your potential customers. A strategy that isnt based on customers is rather like a man who knows a thousand ways to make love to a woman, but doesnt know any women. Great in surmise but unrewarding in practice. If you fit the classic definition of an entrepreneur (someone with a great whim whos under-capitalized), you whitethorn think marketing is something you do later after the product is developed, manufactured, or ready to sell.Though it may feel counter-intuitive, marketing doesnt begin with a great idea or a laughable product. It begins with customers those people who want or need your product and will actually buy it. Entrepreneurs are in love with their ideas, and they should be. After all, why would anyone commit their dexterity, life savings, and no small part of their sanity to anything less than a consuming passion. Because entrepreneurs are passionate about their idea, product, or service, they innocently assume other people will feel the same. Heres the bad news it just doesnt work that way People have their own unique perceptions of the world based on their belief system. The most innovative ideas, the greatest products, or a overlord service succeed only when you market within the context of peoples perceptions. Context can be many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) things, singly or simultaneously. To name a few, you may market to your customers within the context of their wants, needs, problems solved, or situation improved.Entrepreneurs need to be aware of many other contexts, such as kind and economic trends or governmental regulations, which well discuss another(prenominal) time. People dont just buy a product. They buy the imagination of what that product will do for them, or help them do for themselves. People who are overweight dont get in touch a franchise diet center to eat pre-packaged micro-meals. They buy the concept of a new, thin, happy and successful self. Before you become consumed with entrepreneurial zeal and invest your life savings in a new venture, become a smart marketer. Take time at the beginning to discover who your potential customers are, and how to effectively reach them. Without a plan, your entrepreneurial dream is really wishful thinking. musical composition a marketing plan can be a map for success, remember that the map is not the territory.A strategy that ignores the customer isnt an accurate reflection of the landscape. A good marketing plan can help you focus your energy and resources. But a plan created in a vacuum, based solely on your perceptions, does not dispose the agenda. Thats why market look into, however simple or sophisticated, is important. Just keep in mind that research attempts to predict the proximo by studying the past. It reveals what people have done, and extrapolates what people might do not what people will do. Planning is imperative, research is important, but theres no substitute for entrepreneurial insight. After all, as Mark Twain wrote, You cannot depend on your eyes when your imagination is out of focus.Marketing strategyWikipedia vocabulary defines Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered on the key concept that customer satisfaction i s the main goal.Services marketingServices marketing, as the label suggests, relates to the marketing of services, as opposed to tangible products (in standard economic terminology, a tangible product is called a good). A typical definition of a service (as opposed to a good) is thus The use of it is inseparable from its purchase (,i.e. a service is used and consumed simultaneously) It does not possess material form, and thus cannot be smelt, heard, tasted, or felt. The use of a service is inherently subjective, in that due to the kind condition, all persons experiencing a service would experience it uniquely. As pillow slips of the above points, a train ride can be deemed as a service.If one buys a train ticket, the use of the train is typically undergo concurrently with the purchase of the ticket. Moreover, a train ride cannot be smelt, heard, tasted or felt as such. Granted, a seat can be felt, and the train can be evidently heard, nonetheless one is not paying for the perm anent ownership of the tangible components of the train. Services (by comparison with goods) can also be viewed as a spectrum. Not all products are pure goods, nor are all pure services. The aforementioned exercising of a train ride can be deemed a pure service, whilst a packet of potato chips can be deemed a pure good. An intermediary example may be a eating place (as the waiter service is intangible, and the food evidently is tangible in form).VARIOUS STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES OF GOOD MARKETING THAT COULD help oneself IN GROWTH OF SALES AND PATRONAGE OF ODL PROGRAMMESIt is the explicit recognition of the tensions between old and new learning styles which our paper seeks to highlight as the basis for attaining a marketing advantage. To allow students to learn in styles that begin with recognition of diverse foundations provides an environment where students are given greater opportunity for academic success. The view that all students can be blended into one learning environmen t as though one conventionalised type of pedagogy would be suitable for all students in a mixed cohort, presumes that a standardized approach to learning is indeed appropriate. The concept of one size fits all education may have been appropriate in old economies where students represented a homogenous group from the same cultural group with a know entry level skill set.Where students do not fit this form of stereotyping it makes instinct to approach the task of designing an appropriate learning environment which suits the majority of learners. Eisner also claims that communication and quadruplicate intelligence literature suggest that effective teaching involves reaching students, and that reaching students involves taking their frames of reference into account. keen where our students are coming from and meeting them there may increase the chance that students will absorb the information we seek to teach (Eisner 2003, 34-5).Indeed, the arrival of technologies to supplement, en able, enrich and mediate learning experiences challenges traditional education pedagogies. To actively respond to such pressures in a way that is positive can contribute to academic outcomes. Businesses and governments have called into enquiry the relevance of quality of the education that has been provided by post-secondary institutions as well as their continued ability to deliver education in a manner that the new forces of the globalizing marketplace would deem efficient (Montgomery, L., M. Canaan, J., E.) (2004). Nagy (2007) demonstrated via a case study that student outcomes could be dramatically improved by specifically recognizing the needs of the cohort and tailoring assessment tasks to suit the cohort. This style of customization is a reaction to market needs in a proactive way to ensure that student success is achieved without variation in the quality or content of course design.To take this analysis one step further, for a chosen unit of study where it is known that th e student population incorporates variable educational foundations within the student population, a university could recognize this variation and provide 2 streams of learning for the same material using alternative pedagogies to achieve outcomes. One alternative could handle student centered learning and the other teacher centered learning. Each of the alternatives may then employ the best practice pedagogies appropriate to the identified style of learning, and utilize different assessment strategies. Students are then free to choose which alternative learning environment best suits their learning foundations and preferences, at the commencement of the subject. This approach has the potential to promote a more confident attitude to learning with less alienation from the learning environment, greater student self esteem and improved learning outcomes.The term learning styles is used as a description of the attitudes and behaviors which determine an individuals preferred way of lear ning. Some students tend to focus on facts. Some respond strongly to visual forms of information others are able to learn more from verbal forms written and spoken explanations. Some prefer to learn actively and interactively others function more introspectively and individually. No one learning style is better than another it is evidently that people learn in different ways.The best learning style is the one that works for an individual in a particular situation. Those universities with sufficiently large and diverse student cohorts may be able to further refine a process of variable pedagogies. Costs would not be significantly different and yet the provision of alternative learning experience can be employed for both on campus and distance education institutions representing a way of marketing subjects that may entice particular students to particular universities.Our suggestion places the emphasis back on the student with the student selecting the mode of learning best suited t o their personal learning style.These choices made available to students can thus be regarded as part of a suite of marketing joyrides that universities can make use of. Generally, action must be taken to develop a complete marketing program to reach consumers (life-long learners) by using a combination of factors which can be referred to as the 4Ps.The 4 P approach to marketing includes product, price, place and promotion are illustrated as follows Product It is a good, service or idea that the consumers need for satisfying their wants. Physical product can be described in terms of its physical characteristics and is what most people actually think of as the productSussane and Chris(2010) suggest that education is a product, and see distance education as a product instead of a tool for distributing education. They say that in order to most efficiently use our resources, the needs of the student/consumer should be assessed. By doing so, we can learn from the students and then appl y that knowledge to attract future students while meeting the needs and improving upon the services offered to the current students. The products have a different name, logo, color and physical attributes.We can say that Distance Education institution is a brand and a brand is a way of differentiating one product from another the greater the perceived similarity of products, the more important the brand in establishing the differences. Some schools will distinctly feel that they are different from others, or that the market perceives differences, which makes it less important for them to establish their corporate individualism (Galbraith, K. 2003).Price This concept embodies more than a value that someone will pay for it. The meaning associated with price changes is contextual. Institutions have different pricing policies and all institutions compete against each other to increase their application and registration rates. Pricing policies will impact student choice between instit utions.Place It is a means of acquiring the product into the consumers hands. The personality of the place sends messages to the target audience. The vehicle which is used to reach the students can be a physical location or a virtual space where the connection speed of internet used, e-mail, can serve as a differentiating mechanism.Promotion Promotion is a means of communication between the seller and buyer. It includes advertising, public relations, personal selling, publicity, and sales promotions. If one higher education institution wants to enroll more students than other, it will need to use corporate advertising or engage in activities that create a liaison between the students and the institutions. Publicity provides media coverage to the institutions and visibility can create confidence about an institutions composition and quality perceptions.Marketing initiatives include print based products and internet-based advertisements, brochures, and word-of-mouth (WOM) communicati on. According to Buttle (1998 p. 242) WOM has been shown to influence a variety of conditions awareness, expectations, perceptions, attitudes, behavioral intentions and behaviour. Because of these factors positive WOM may affect the awareness of the open and distance university and this awareness can turn the behavioral intentions of students. Fairs are also benefited to communicate with the students. Every year education fairs should be organized and all universities that run distance learning programmes should be represented.Where the cost of registration is same between universities, the image of the university plays an important role in the process of selecting that university. The image consists of two criteria. One of it is tangible criteria like, academic staff, profile of the graduated, facility of the university, curriculum, and opportunity for internship etc. Intangible criteria are good or bad experiences about university, negative or positive WOM.Internally developed str ategy send is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which add programs to an audience. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of the whole, such as children or young adults. Here, the FM station of NOUN becomes important. In his essay, John shorthorn Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, Dissemination is a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle elementary issues such as interaction, presence, and space and timeon the agenda of any future communication theory in general (Durham, 211). Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. Theres chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it.There is really no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. D issemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting can arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213).Effective use of the University websiteAccording to Ms.Bindu Rathore, CEO WebTotal Marketing, Many Educational Institutions have a website, but they dont know how to combine offline and online marketing to increase their profits and funk their advertising costs. She therefore recommended that the concept WebTotal Marketing is now available to help such Educational institutions to have a complete web marketing system so they can enhance their brand and attract more prospect students at an affordable cost.This postulation is basically predicated on the fact that students have become very Internet savvy these days and are cautious in their selection of institutions of higher learning. They actively participate in forums and group discussions along with feedbacks from past students to analyze a particular college or university in the lead they make their decision.University PublicationsThe word publication means the act of publishing. To publish is to make content available to the public. While specific use of the term may vary between country, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any medium, including paper or Electronic publishing forms such as websites, E-books, push Discs and MP3s.THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS, GIFT ITEMS/SOUVENIRS, EVALUATION (of process, input and products) AND AFTER-SALES-SERVICES IN GOOD MARKETINGPromotional switch, promotional items, promotional products, promotional gifts, or advertising gifts are articles of merchandise that are branded w ith a logo and used in marketing and communication programs. They are given away to promote a company, corporate image, brand, or event. These items are usually imprinted with a companys name, logo or slogans, and given away at trade shows, conferences, and as part of guerrilla marketing campaigns. The free of gifts goes back throughout the hostory of man. Gifts would be, and still are, given for various reasons including to welcome, for appreciation, and for celebration. In the late 20th century a new industry evolved around the concept of giving gifts. Industry and commerce recognised the benefits that could be gained by a company and corporate organisation in giving gifts to existing and prospective customers. Promotional merchandise is now used globally to promote brands, products and corporate identity.They are also used as giveaways at events like exhibitions and product launches. Almost anything can be branded with a companys name or logo and used for promotion. Common items include t-shirts, caps, key chains, posters, bumper-stickers, pens, mugs, or mouse pads. The largest product category for promotional products is wearable items, which make up more than 30% of the total. Most promotional items are relatively small and inexpensive, but can range to higher-end items for example celebrities at film festivals and award shows are often given expensive promotional items such as expensive perfumes, leather goods, and electronics items. Companies that provide expensive gifts for celebrity attendees often ask that the celebrities allow a picture show to be taken of them with the gift item, which can be used by the company for promotional purposes.Other companies provide luxury gifts such as handbags or scarves to celebrity attendees in the hopes that the celebrities will wear these items in public, thus garnering publicity for the companys brand name and product. Brand awareness is the most common use for promotional items at 12.59%. Other objectives that marketers use promotional items to facilitate include employee relations and events, tradeshow traffic-building, public relations, new customer generation, dealer and distributor programs, new product introductions, employee service awards, not-for-profit programs, internal incentive programs, safety education, customer referrals, and marketing research. Customer service is the provision of service to customers before, during and after a purchase. According to Galbraith, K. (2003).Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Its importance varies by product, industry and customer defective or broken merchandise can be exchanged, often only with a receipt and within a specified time frame. Customer service may be provided by a person (e.g., sales and service representative), or by automated means called self-service. Examples of self service are Inter net sites.However, In the Internet era, a challenge has been to maintain and/or enhance the personal experience while making use of the efficiencies of online commerce. theme in Fast Company, entrepreneur and customer systems innovator Wiley, J. made the point that Online customers are literally nonvisual to you (and you to them), so its easy to shortchange them emotionally. But this lack of visual and tactile presence makes it even more crucial to create a sense of personal, human-to-human connection in the online arena. From the point of view of an overall sales process engineering effort, customer service plays an important role in an organizations ability to generate income and revenue. From that perspective, customer service should be included as part of an overall approach to systematic improvement.CONCLUSIONIn many countries, open and distance learning methods have become an effective and equitable means of providing learning for people in all situations and of all ages.Our postulation in this paper is that the effective marketing of the operational infrastructure for the delivery of an Open and Distance Learning programme is critical to its success. Yet all too often this element is overlooked or seen as incidental to the design and quality of the distance learning materials and programmes themselves. We then went ahead to address very salient issues that can help the Open and Distance Learning institutions take after new approaches as regards the rapid strategic marketing of ODL systems that will ultimately lead to increased success in the operation of the system worldwide.These issues include coming to grips with the socio-cultural drivers of education in the 21st century anticipating the future and activating the potential of innovation as a prerequisite for outstanding success and interpreting potential educational needs and effectively creating a demand for the ODL system worldwide.BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCESButtle, F. (2005). Word of Mouth sag aciousness And Managing Referral Marketing,Journal of Strategic Marketing, (6) 241254.Eisner, S. P. (2004). The Class Talk Show A Pedagogical Tool, SAM Advancedcharge Journal, Winter 2003, 34 49.Galbraith, K. (2003). Towards Quality Private Education in Central and Eastern Europe, HigherEducation in Europe, XXVIII, (4) pp. 539-558.Garrison, D. R. Anderson, T. (2003). E-Learning in the 21st Century, Routledge- Falmer,London.Wiley, J (2009) The Quality Assurance Journalhttp//www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/15634/homeDurham, J. P. (2006) chat as Dissemination. Communication asPerspectives on Theory.Thousand Oakes, CA Sage,. 211-22.Montomery, L., M. Canaan, J., E. (2004). Conceptualizing higher education students as socialactors in a globalizing world a special issue, International Journal of Qualitative Studiesin Education, 17 (6), 739-748.Nagy, J. (2007). Market forces in higher education cheating and the student-centred learningparadigm, book chapter in Ethical Practices and Im plications in Distance Learning Indira Gandhi National Open University,Simonetta C. Christian V. (2009) Path to a new Prosperity A new Approach to Marketing.London, Keegan Paul.Suzanne .A. Chris. P. (2010) Managing expectations effective support systems for distancelearning the experience of the Warwick MBA by distance learning. www.effectivemarketing.com

Chief Information Officer and Team Lead Tech Essay Example for Free

Chief Information military officer and Team Lead Tech Essay1) The main organizational causes of the frustration that Ayishia Coles feels is that there is no lucidity in her responsibility and authority within the organization, as well as with the IT and the other(a) discussion sections within the bank. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the major points of frustration is the fact that there is no one defined as coordinator between the other segments and IT. Ayisha now is in the position of where she has to take on the role of deciding what happens in the company which is not making the four-in-hands of the other departments very happy. She is frustrated because solutions are expected immediately no matter how vaguely the problems are marched to the IT department. She also feels like the amount of talent which the staff house is not being utilize appropriately within the bank. She believes that the IT department should be allowed to do more than troubleshot and maintenanc e for the technology, she believes they should be able to present their own ideas.2) First of all the problems need to be addressed and solved as quickly as possible. The first thing that needs to be done is that they need to make it clear what her position is and what on the dot she is responsible for. If I were Marshall Pinkard, because Ayishia is the chief information officer, I would give her authority over the immaculate IT department. She will be in charge of coordinating with her team and the rest of the departments within the bank. Each department will have a technician who is responsible for is in charge of sharing important information with the manager of their department, and the rest of the department staff, they will also be asked to share any ideas they have about upgrades with the department managers. 3) I think that the organizational structure which would be the most effective for IT at FMBT would be a Traditional Vertical Structure.

Robert Burns’ “To a Mouse” Essay Example for Free

Robert burn down To a reverse EssayIn the poems Robert destroy To a Mouse and The Mouses Petition by Anna Letitia Barbauld, legion(predicate) feelings and emotions about mice are brought forth. piece of music both poems were written by different authors, many of the feelings they share towards mice are common. The analysis of the 2 poems testament help to find the comparisons and differences in estimate, political and social issues, diction, and intuitive feeling. Examples from the poems will help to show the patient ofredities and differences in the two. The tone of each poet in the poems, many similarities be go far evident. Both poets portray a sad and guilty tone when talking about mice. When Barbauld begins to write about what she believes the mouse is feeling inside of the test cage, the reader gets an thought process how the poet may similarly feel.For here forlorn and sad I sit, within the wiry grate. (Barbauld, 5-6) Barbauld uses a crinkle in the poem to show how she thinks the mouse is feeling. Robert burn down expresses an equal amount of remorse for the mouse in his poem. He does so by using his sad regretful and remorseful tone, much handle Barbauld. Im truly sorry mans dominion has broken Natures social union. (Burns, l.7-8) Burns makes it obvious how he feels by using his tones throughout the poem to relay a core of guilt and sadness. The two poems share identical endings Burns as well as Barbauld make audience to the fact that mice are much like men. Barbauld sharpens, So when destruction lurks unseen, which men, like mice, may share. (Barbauld, l.45-48) Oddly enough, language to a mouse in the equivalent tone, Burns states, The best-laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft a-gley. (Burns, l.39-40) bandage both poems are written by different poets, in different courses, the two share the same tone to help portray their views of mice and how they are misunderstood.The themes in both of the poems are very similar also both poems are about mice and their life changing find outs with them. The common theme in Anna Barbaulds, A Mouses Petition, is cruelty and unfairness. The mouse Barbauld speaks of is being used for tests in a science lab, and will last be killed in such experiments. Anna writes through poem that this act is unjust and should not happen to such a creature. Through the use of the poem she tries to tell the scientist Beware, lest in the worm you crush, a br another(prenominal)s soul you find. (Barbauld, l.35-36) Barbauld relates that putting to death a mouse is not morally different from taking the life of a fellow man. The poems theme is effective and pushes the reader to feel sorrow for the poor mouse. In To a Mouse by Robert Burns, the current themes are guilt and fear.Burns knows what mice are up to, drop awaying his food from his crops and ruining his walls within his sept to make homes of their own. Burns however, does not care because he himself feels guilty for the little m ice. Burns feels like pull down though they may be a nuisance to some macrocosm, the mice moderate no choice besides to do these things to live to see another day. I doubt na, whiles, but thou may abstract What then? Poor beastie, thou maun live (Burns l.13-14) Burns explains why he is not bothered that the mice steal his food. Burns also has the theme of fear in his poem. The mice fear men, and for good reason, Burns is aware of this and makes marginal effort to scare the mice while they are at work.An justifies that ill opinion which makes thee startle, (Burns, l.9-10) Burns discusses how the fear mice brook for men is due to the brutes who confuse no patience to understand what the mice go through. While the two poems slang different themes, one being cruelty and unfairness and the other being guilt and fear, the themes are similar in the fashion that both poets show remorse for the mice and what they go through. Barbauld never once mentions how mice may in fact have it easier than humans do, but in the final lines from To a Mouse Burns does indicate being a mouse may sometimes be easier.Still thou art goddam compared wi me (Burns, l.43) Burns states that even though a mouse may not want to be a human, Burns believes a mouse has the ability to solely live in the present, and cannot remember the past or have to think of the future. Burns shares the dread he feels when he must remember the past or think about the future. Burns wishes he never had such a burden, and believes mice would not want to have such a burden either. For this reason while the two poems themes are very similar, they still have striking differences in how they view mice and men.Many Political issues were raised when the two poems were written. In 1773, the same yr The Mouses Petition was written, the Boston tea smashy movement had happened. This happened soon after the British parliament granted it a monopoly to the North American tea trade. While this made the British conten ted it was the beginning of a revolt by the Americans. They felt they should not have to be taxed for their own goods. The Americans fought top by raiding the tea ships going to the British and dumping all the tea into the ocean. While this was a revolt for the Americans, for the British not much had happened except for the fact they had seen what happens as a result of hatful being pushed into something they didnt want to do. This connection can be made to the Mouse in A Mouses Petition because the mouse did not want to be a test undetermined but was forced to do so, left without a choice.Wither or not Barbaulds theme was affected by the Boston Tea Party movement or not, the two happening in the same year seems to be enough of a connection to assume this was an effect. In 1785, the same year To a Mouse was written, Scotland was under the beginning of the highland clearances. Before 1785 many families and clans were getting relocated to other parts of Scotland so that the land co uld be used to raise big black sheep instead. The success of relocating humans for the use of their land became so popular that the evil countess of Sutherland used the threat of clearances to blackmail every schoolgirlish man on her vast estates to enlist in her regiment.She then evicted their families later anyway. One is left to honor if Burns was forced to take part in one of these dreadful moves, or simply had to experience seeing these events happen. Either way having to leave your land unexpectedly would take a toll on your mind mentally and physically. Especially if you were sent to war with promise your land would be safe, but to come back realizing your land had been taken away anyways.In, To a mouse, burns refers by stating through a part of his poem that he does not like the fact that he can remember the past, The present only touchect thee But och I backward cast my ee On prospects drear An forward though I canna see, I guess an fear (Burns, l.49-53) Burns talks abou t how looking back on the past brings him disappointment and sorrow. Maybe this is because he was in the middle of relocation or had already bypast through one due to the highland clearance. While material has not proven or disproven that Burns was a part of the highland clearance one can be left wondering if those events had an restore on his poem.The poetic diction in the two poems is very unique. While both use big money of illustrations, there vocabulary is much different. This is partly because Burns uses a Scotish accent in his poems to give sour the Scotch feel. Barbauld uses regular 1700s English, much like other poets of the time from Britain. Burnss Scottish accent is used in the poem to give the reader an idea what it would sound like if he himself was to recite the poem. While the reader may not understand as quickly as if breeding in regular English, it helps to read the poem exactly like it would be read. While at commencement it is a challenging task to unders tand, it later becomes simple to translate. Barbaulds poem is much to a greater extent generic for what the poems looked like in her area in the 1700s, there is no accent used like in Burnss which makes the initial reading of her poem much easier.One thing To a Mouse and A Mouses Petition have in common is there use of metaphors. Burns uses metaphor less often than Barbauld, An bleak Decembers winds ensuin, Baith snell and keen (Burns l.28-29) Burns discusses with the mouse about how the pass winds are sharp like a knife, a metaphor for the winter wind being refrigerated and seeming like it can go right through your body. Barbauld uses metahphors more frequently, May some kind angel clear thy path, And break the hidden snare. (Barbauld, l.47-48) Barbauld is saying metaphorically that she hopes the man has a sudden mixed bag of mind and his thoughts are changed for the good, not to use the mouse as a scientific test dummy.The two poems being compared and contrasted show that the t wo are not so different. While there are many similarities and differences analysing political and social issues, diction, and tone have helped to find these similarities and differences. The two poems about mice are much more complex than the initial read. The reader must dig deep into the meanings of the poems, the diction, the time they were written, the social issues that were happening in those times, and the poets tones to reveal the true meanings of the poems.Works CitedBurns, R. To a Mouse. The Longman Anthology British Literature. David Damrosch and Kevin J.H. Dettmar. Pearson Education, 2010. 359-360. Latitita, A. The Mouses Petition. The Longman Anthology British Literature. David Damrosch and Kevin J.H. Dettmar. Pearson Education, 2010. 62-63.

Lady Macbeth, an honoured hostess and a fiend-like Queen Essay Example for Free

skirt Macbeth, an honoured hostess and a fiend-like Queen EssayThe audience witness a total transformation of Lady Macbeth from a powerful, scheming cleaning woman to a sad and lonely wretch. By the end of this tragedy she has nothing to go by for, is riddled with guilt and has lost totall(a)y sanity.At the opening of the play the audience see how eager her hunger for power and circumstance is when she summons evil spirits Fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of the direst rigorousness (Act One, Scene 5, identifys 40-41). This statement displays Lady Macbeths char good turner deeply nefarious, it would perturb the superstitions of the Christian spectators.The audience might alike perceive her to be disturbed as in that same soliloquy she asks the spirits to, Make dumb my blood, At the time that the play was written thick blood was associated with illness and derangement. It would train been most horrendous for the audience to listen to the character persistin g that she did not want to be womanly, especially for someone of her status is society. Pronouncing that she wished to be unsexed and that she wanted the spirits to Come to my womans breasts, and take my milk for gall, would outrage their perfervid Christian views as women were supposed to be maternal and loving w presentas she uses the oxymoron to intensify her wish to become corrupt and inhuman. presently after she calls the spirits, Shakespeare returns Macbeth to the stage, scheduling his wife the ideal time to discuss her plan. Lady Macbeth begins to instruct him as she says, savour like th innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. She uses this metaphor to reassure her husband and contrive known to him that others wont realise hed be doing anything wrong but at the same time prodding him to commit the deed,ergo underlining the way in which it is her evil inventions which will destroy Duncan. The Shakespearean audience would be rattling disturbed to witness such wicked sch emes emanating from a female character women were particularly governed by societys expectations and considered to be the fairer, gentler sex, leaving political machinations to their male counterparts.Along with manipulating Macbeth into executing all of her schemes, she also is competent to cover up after him when he is vulnerable to suspicion. Without her help and guidance, Macbeth would have not been able to consummate his consummations. After Macbeths beginning(a) act in which he commits regicide by killing his dear king Duncan, he is incapable of plan of attack to terms with his actions and returning with the weapons to Duncans chamber. His ever-dutiful wife finishes the task. Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but pictures. Her control here reveals her power and determination.We see her draw a veil over Macbeths behaviour again after he has taken King Duncans life as Macbeth makes the mistake of killing the guards, when he knows that as a pass himself he sh ould interrogate suspects. After Macduff attempts to question Macbeth on his reasons, Lady Macbeth faints (Act 2 Scene 3 line 112). This shows her ability to extemporise when the situation requires it. Indeed there are several occasions when Lady Macbeth move in to avoid her husband being put under suspicion.Her role in the banquet context after Macbeth sees Banquos ghost has a reason. Macbeth shows signs of weakening before the spirit of Banquo. However, Lady Macbeth shows her authority over the proceedings. She instructs all but herself and Macbeth in Act 3 Scene 4 lines 118-9 to Stand not upon the order of your going. except go at once, thus managing to clear their estate of all the guests who had been visiting, which would have been a difficult feat especially for a woman yet her determination impels her capable.We sporadically notice that she is not such a nefarious character, as she would like to believe. An example of her vulnerability is when she inescapably a drink to g ive her fearlessness in order to go through with the plan for the murder of Duncan, That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold. If she were real a fiend she would feel nothing. Similarly, when she is anxious and awaiting Macbeths return she utters that, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. Had she been entirely evil she would have distanced herself more and be ineffectual to draw comparisons.The decisive hour however for Lady Macbeth is when she detects that she is no longer needed. Act 3 Scene 3 lines 6-7 describe this push when she asks Macbeth, Whats to be done? and he proves to her that he is no longer the mere student but the master copy as he replies, Be the innocent of the knowledge, dear chuck, till thou applaud the deed. Macbeths use of dearest chuck would have been supposed to be playful however in this context would have change his wife and spurred on the doubts that would have been forming in her mind. The quotation is also analogous to w hat Lady Macbeth had said to him in Act 1 Scene 5 about looking innocent, thus extra proof of his unreal of his wifes influence.Lady Macbeths return to the action in Act 5, scene 1 is playtic in its irony. She is a mere shadow of her former self, unable to sleep and riddled with guilt she re-enacts the role she played in Duncans murder, and in so doing betrays her guilt to her waiting woman and, of course, the audience. The constant washing of her hands and utterances Out call down spot Whod have thought the old man to have so much blood distribute to expose her crimes, her sentiments in Act Two A little water cleans me of this deed are shockingly highlighted in the closing Act with poignant irony.Delirious and disturbing outbursts Heres the smell of blood still all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this hand. Oh, oh, oh (Line 44-6) and her use of metaphor amplifies her acute mental torture and pain, she is a woman so construed by guilt that she loses all sanity.Lady Macbe ths downfall, like her husbands, is a tragic one as she ultimately dies from her terrible crime. Like Macbeth, Lady Macbeth enjoyed reputation and status as the wife of the greatest Scots warrior, much loved and honoured by king and county. However, she is as much Macbeth, guilty of vaulting ambition and when she succumbs to that grim flaw she can no longer function. Indeed, so consumed by guilt, Lady Macbeth commits suicide knowing that her crimes have involved interfering with the divine right of kings.Interestingly, however, the audience see many times throughout this drama when Lady Macbeth is not so cold as she is made out to be. We know that she is not a fiend as we see on numerous occasions her inability to carry out acts herself, act 2 Scene 2, line 13-4, Had he not resembled my father as he slept. I had donet. She is unable to distance herself from the stunt and even helping to carry out the act she finds difficult as she needs help to bring the courage she needs That whi ch hath made them drunk hath made me bold illuminating come on how she has some empathy for Duncan. The audience see just how terrible an effect all the events since the witches first met Macbeth have had on her mental state as they hear how she has taken her own life in Act 5 scene 5 from Malcolm.To conclude, it is clear that Lady Macbeth begins her role as honoured she certainly enjoys the wifely role of Scotlands hero. However, through greed and ambition, she forfeits her reputation and status. Certainly her actions are fiend-like but she does betray some small shreds of conscience and is thereof well aware of her choices. A totally fiendish character would not experience guilt, but Lady Macbeth goes insane simply because she knows she has been immoral and sinful.Lady Macbeth, an honoured hostess and a fiend-like Queen.

Black People and Tone Essay Example for Free

moody citizenry and Tone EssayTone is the attitude a writer has about a topic. For example, a tone might be serious, sarcastic, reverent, or unsympathetic. A writer establishes tone through choice of row and details.Directions Zora Neale Hurston creates a strong tone when she writes about race in this essay. In the second column of the chart, appoint key word choices and details from the essay that reflect her attitude for each topic. Describe her tone in the third column. Then answer the question that follows. Topic Word Choices and Details ToneGrowing up in a town with only African-Americans She knew no other and just thought it was normal. Laid back,normal white-hot people visiting Eatonville NorthernersWhites would just pass thru Exciting, actors The difference between Eatonville and Jacksonville Eatonville was only blacks and Jacksonville was predominantly white with colors being a minority. Solemn and lonelyThe lasting effects of slavery in the United States People re minding her that she is a granddaughter of slaves Depressed How African-Americans and white people respond differently to music African-Americans feel more astuteness and soul. It is real they have lived it and white people look for more classical to relax and just enjoy. respectfulWhat is the overall tone of Hurstons essay? What point does Hurston make by choosing this tone to discuss the candid of race? Is Hurstons tone appropriate and effective for her topic? Explain.I believe her tone was stirred up about her younger years and the fun of just being a kid and knowing secret code about race or discrimination. Towards the end it became more solemn. But she was wrong by no means. Her shed and expression was regulated by her story telling. She only told about her situation and what she experienced. I really enjoyed it.

Employee Rights Review Essay Example for Free

Employee Rights Review EssayActs of Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights laws prep be it illegal for employers to discriminate against an employee or potential employee in certain calculateplaces. The Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 was created to move over family temporary medical exam leave. The come along disparity in Employment Act of 1967 was created to prevent employees from being discriminated against because of historic period. The Drug- unthaw Workplace Act of 1988 requires some federal contractors and federal grantees to agree that they provide do drugs-free breakplaces as a precondition of receiving a contract or grant from a federal agency. The requirements for organizations are more vast because organizations have to come across comprehensive, programmatic steps to achieve a workplace free of drugs.In the case, Coleman v. State of atomic number 101 Court of Appeals, Coleman, an employee for the Maryland Court of Appeals, communicateed time -off for the purpose of tending to serious personal health issues. The request was denied and Coleman was informed he essential resign from his position or risk termination. Coleman sued his employer, claiming that by denying him self-care leave the soil court of justice was in violation of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. His employer, the soil, argued that the case should be dismissed found on the states sovereign immunity. Sovereign immunity is a legal supplying that says a government agency can non be sued unless they agree to be sued. After dismissal by the federal official District Court and the Fourth Circuit Court, the case was heard by the United States Supreme Court.On March 20, 2012 the Supreme Court ruled that a provision of the Family and Medical Leave Act large-minded workers time off to care for health related issues such as serious illness, pregnancy, or childbirth, is not enforceable in cases involving state employees (Migdal, 2012). The Court justif ied the command by stating that the lawsuits by state employees permitted low the FMLA would violate the constitutional rule that the states, as sovereigns, are immune from suits for damages.Basically, the Supreme Court ruled that state workers cannot sue the states under the Family and Medical Leave Act, essentially stripping public employees of the job protection otherwise provided by the act. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 protects employees of organizations with more than 50 employees in the case of childbirth, adoption, their own medical care or the care of a family member. The law has several stipulations such requiring 1250 working hours in the prior 12 months, therefore, accurate recordkeeping and a process in place to determine FMLA eligibility and compliance is crucial. An example of a comp any HR form _or_ system of government regarding the Family and Medical leave Act of 1993 may readEmployees employed for 12 months or more and who have worked at least 12 50 hours in the previous 12 months, may take an un paying(a) Family and Illness Leave for up to 12-weeks per year. Employees are required to use all available paid time accrued for the leave period prior to unpaid leave.The amount of Family and Illness leave go away be based on the amount interpreted in the 12 months preceding the request for leave, and in cases of serious health condition, require adequate medical certification.Family and Illness Leave may be taken intermittently, or for less than a full day. If the employee remains out on leave for more than 2 weeks, additional medical documentation may be required as allowed by law.An employee returning to work from Family and Illness Leave shall return to the position held at the beginning of the leave, or to an eq position with equivalent pay and benefits. Employees on a Family and Illness Leave will continue to have the Employers luck of the cost for health insurance paid by the Employer during the leave period. It is the r esponsibility of the employee to make on-time payments for their portion of those benefits spell on leave.Individuals 40 years of age and older are protected with employment by The mount up Discrimination Employment Act. Applicants and employees alike have protection under the ADEA. The law protects discriminating against an individual with evaluate to any term of employment, as it relates to age, compensation, benefits, job assignments, hiring, firing, layoff, job assignments, and training (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012). Employers who employ 20 or more employees must comply with the Act.A 70-year-old pharmacist employed by Kmart in Honolulu recently challenged The Age Discrimination Employment Act. The lawsuit charged by the EEOC recognized that Kmart unlawfully discriminated against the pharmacist, and a settlement was reached for $120,000. A Kmart store manager openly stated that the pharmacist was too old, should bed and was greedy, for continuing to wo rk at the age of 70 (Inside Counsel, 2012). The age discrimination act protects folks for age harassment. In this case the pharmacist was continually distraught with regard to remarks about her age and the hostile work environment that could have resulted.Employers tend to stereotype older workers as employees stuck in their ways, and who cannot adapt to new changes. Additionally, employers conceive that training older workers is a cost and not a benefit. The Age Discrimination Act prohibits these scenarios from occurring with mountain over the age of 40. Regarding the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, certain occupations have an riddance to the law if the organization can prove the necessity to enforce an earlier retirement or lessening of job responsibilities.An example of a company HR insurance showing compliance with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 may read something like this The Company complies with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and prohibits age discrimination in employment practices of individuals 18 years or older. This policy applies to but is not limited to issues involving hiring, discharge, compensation, terms, conditions, advancement, recruitment, promotion, demotion, transfer, layoff, training, or privileges of employment.The sober Workplace Act requires institutions that receive grants and certain contracts from any federal agency to certify that it will provide a drug-free work place (Office Of oecumenic Counsel, 2012). The law was enacted in 1988 and it began with federal contracts of $25,000 or more but was later changed to $100,000 or more where it stands today. The court case that has caused the most controversy is Gary Ross v Ragingwire Telecommunications Inc.After California legalized medical marijuana Ross obtained a prescription drug for the drug and used it as directed. He was later fired by Ragingwire Telecommunications for failing a drug test as a result of the use of medical m arijuana. The court ruled that drug test in the state was legal, that firing an employee for use of medical marijuana was not tantamount to discrimination and that employers are not obligated to accommodate the use of medical marijuanaeven outside the workplace (Schwartz, 2010). This ruling is important because while some states have legalized medical marijuana and protect individuals from criminal prosecution, it remains clean that a drug-free workplace is critical to the safety of the entire workforce.To avoid conflict an organization must take a crap the guidelines for drug testing and communicate the expectation clearly to employees. The human resources team may establish the process for drug testing and implement a plan to assist employees that test positive on drug screens, such as offering the employee rehabilitation (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007).An example of a company HR policy showing compliance with the Drug-Free Workplace Act may read something like this The possession, us e, or deal of illegal drugs while on Company property is strictly prohibited. The misuse of any illegal drugs and/or inebriant while on Company time or during breaks or meals, is strictly prohibited.Any employee under the influence of alcohol or drugs that may impair judgment, performance, or the safety of the employee or others while on Company property, Company business, or during work hours, is subject to discipline up to and including termination.The Company call fors post-accident drug and alcohol testing of employees when an accident occurs during company time as allowed by law. The Company reserves the right to conduct random drug and/or alcohol testing at their discretion for performance or doings issues. A positive result from any testing conducted may result in immediate termination, or unpaid leave to enter an approved rehabilitation program at the Companys discretion. These conditions are by no means established as a right of the employee, and may be rescinded at any time without prior notice by the Company.ReferencesMigdal, A. (2012). Blog of Rights. Retrieved from http//www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights-reproductive-freedom/not-so-secret-war-moms-how-supreme-court-took-protections Swanton, Mary, Inside Counsel, EEOC Wins Settlements in Age Discrimination Cases Involving Senior Citizens, retrieved on December 1, 2012 from website, http//www.insidecounsel.com/2010/03/25/eeoc-wins-settlements-in-two-age-discrimination-cases-involving-senior-citizens U.S. Equal Employment Commission, retrieved on December 1, 2012, from website, http//www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/age.cfm Schwartz, S. K. (2010). The Drug-Free Workplace v Medical Marijuana. Retrieved from http//www.cnbc.com/id/36179669/The_Drug_Free_Workplace_vs_Medical_Marijuana Office of General Counsel. (2012). Retrieved from http//counsel.cua.edu/copyright/index.cfm Sue Shellerbarger, Work and Family, The Wall alley Journal, August 22, 2001. Retrieved 11/29/2012. http//www.benefitslink/buying-t ime-off/policy/hr/whitman/press.org http//www2.cortland.edu/offices/hr/affirmative-action/policy-on-the-age-discrimination.htm http//www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/index.cfmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_(Equal_Opportunities)_Law,_1988